
Bus System: The Hardware Highway and the 4GB RAM Limit
Why 32-bit OS is capped at 4GB RAM. The role of Address, Data, and Control Buses. How PCIe lanes affect your RTX 4090 performance. Von Neumann Bottleneck explained.

Why 32-bit OS is capped at 4GB RAM. The role of Address, Data, and Control Buses. How PCIe lanes affect your RTX 4090 performance. Von Neumann Bottleneck explained.
Why does MacBook battery last long? Should I use AWS Graviton? A deep dive into the philosophy of CISC (Complex) vs RISC (Simple) architectures.

The gold mine of AI era, NVIDIA GPUs. Why do we run AI on gaming graphics cards? Learn the difference between workers (CUDA) and matrix geniuses (Tensor Cores).

Bought a fast SSD but it's still slow? One-lane country road (SATA) vs 16-lane highway (NVMe).

LP records vs USB drives. Why physically spinning disks are inherently slow, and how SSDs made servers 100x faster.

The journey started with Jaemin's question: "Why can't my 8GB RAM work beyond 4GB?"
Key takeaways:
Every computer performance problem ultimately reduces to "How fast can we move data?" A fast CPU is useless if data doesn't arrive, and a great GPU is bottlenecked by slow PCIe.
The bus is both the highway and bloodstream of a computer.Now I can confidently tell Jaemin:
"Dude, reinstall with 64-bit. With a 32-bit address bus, you can only create 2^32 = 4.3 billion addresses. That's 4.3 billion bytes = 4GB. Even though you have 8GB physically, the rest has no address numbers, so it's inaccessible. Got it?"